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American plans now call for a return of humans to the Moon by around 2020. What can we hope to gain from such a program? It will be helpful to look back at our first lunar program. Apollo and ask what we got from it beside some 850 pounds of rock and soil – fascinating to geologists but perhaps not to all taxpayers. I will try to summarize highlights of the payoff from Apollo. Image right: The insignia of the Apollo Program. Credit: NASA. What was the "Apollo Program"? There was much more to it than Neil Armstrong’s "one small step," and even more than the following five lunar landings – any one of which would have been a gigantic accomplishment. First. Apollo began with the Gemini Program which was solely a technological warm-up for Apollo. Gemini was the first true American spaceship with propulsion radar on-board computers and extravehicular activity (“space walk”) capability. Ten manned Gemini missions were flown developing the technological and operational capability needed for the following lunar program. However the Gemini astronauts carried out many scientific experiments in addition to practicing various space-flight techniques such as orbital rendezvous. The Apollo lunar missions are now in the history books. However there were two Earth-orbital ones. Apollo 7 and 9 that carried out experiments such as multispectral terrain photography. This uses combinations of different types of light such as infrared and ultraviolet that reveal things not seen using only visible light like diseased trees or crops. This photography was a feasibility test for Landsat (launched in 1972). But there was much more to the Apollo Program. First the Apollo hardware was used for America’s first space station. Skylab in 1972 to 1973. The Skylab astronauts carried out dozens of scientific experiments such as orbital sea-surface radar and operated a solar observatory with extremely valuable results. In 1975 the Apollo spacecraft flew for the last time carrying out a rendezvous and docking with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. This cooperative effort was at least one bridge across the political divide of the Cold War. In summary the Apollo Program properly defined was much broader than most people realize. Furthermore it was not enormously expensive relative to the American federal budget of the day. The several sub-programs mentioned cost a total of about $30 billion by the end of Fiscal Year 1975. To allow for inflation a same-year comparison may help: the FY 75 NASA budget was $3.3 billion and the FY 75 Food Stamp Program $5.5 billion. What did we get for this $30 billion? The term “spinoff” is often used but this tends to trivialize the Apollo results. However here are some of the eventual results of the Apollo Program. First and perhaps most important: it was realized at the time of President Kennedy’s 1961 proposal that the primary motivation for sending a man to the Moon was political not scientific. The Soviet Union at the time had a commanding lead in space flight and was a belligerent and expansive power in the Cold War. Did Apollo end the Cold War? Of course it didn’t. But no less than Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov and two colleagues issued an open letter to the Soviet government in 1970 calling for democratization of the USSR specifically citing the American Moon landing as evidence of the superiority of democracy. The Soviet Union did have a lunar program intended to put a man on the Moon but as the world saw the United States won the race. Even if the Apollo missions had never landed on the Moon the program as a whole stimulated projects that learned an enormous amount about our own planet. Earth. The earliest and even now one of the most productive of these projects was Landsat agreed by even the most severe NASA critics to have been an enormously valuable program. But how can Landsat be considered a result of Apollo?The answer goes back to the Gemini Program whose astronauts took hundreds of high-resolution color photos of the Earth with 70mm cameras as part of terrain and weather photographic experiments. Even in 1965 weather satellite pictures were familiar but the Gemini photos were stunningly better. Published widely in magazines such as the National Geographic (circulation in 1966 some 6 million) they triggered interest in space photography of the Earth’s surface as distinguished from its atmosphere. To summarize a long and complex story: As stated by the then-director of the U. S. Geological Survey. Bill Pecora the value of the Gemini and Mercury photos stimulated the Interior Department to propose an Earth resources observation satellite program. EROS in 1966. After interagency negotiation this proposed satellite became ERTS the Earth Resources Technology Satellite managed by Goddard Space Flight Center and shortly re-named Landsat. So Landsat really was an outgrowth of the Apollo Program as testified to by the head of another agency not NASA. The Manned Spacecraft Center now Johnson Space Center was built for the Apollo Program. It was realized that much orbital reconnaissance of the Moon would be necessary for the Apollo landings. Accordingly. JSC began a broad program of remote sensing using airborne cameras and other instruments in preparation for the Moon. This program soon triggered enormous progress in remote sensing in general and combined with the Gemini photography led to Landsat and soon after its foreign counterparts such as France’s SPOT (Systeme pour l’Observation de la Terre). Needless to say the JSC remote sensing efforts were soon applied successfully to the Moon but they also stimulated orbital survey techniques of the Earth as well techniques that have long since expanded to many American and international programs. But this revolution in remote sensing owes much to the Apollo Program. As mentioned above. Skylab was part of the Apollo Program and carried out many remote sensing observations analogous to those of Landsat. However one which was not analogous was sea-surface radar altimetry. Skylab carried a radar aimed down at the Earth including the oceans. Microwaves do not penetrate electrical conductors such as metals or water and the radar return over oceans was from the sea surface. It was found that the Skylab radar over depressions in the ocean floor such as the Puerto Rico trench actually showed a subdued replica of such depressions in the overlying sea surface. Over seamounts – underwater volcanoes – the sea surface forms a slight mound. “Slight” is a relative term – the sea surface depression over the Puerto Rico trench is more than 20 meters (yards) deep. The explanation for this surprising discovery is that the excess mass of for example a seamount pulls the surrounding ocean horizontally towards it thus producing a slight bulge in the overlying sea surface. The opposite effect occurs over a trench which is a mass deficiency. The Skylab radar results triggered long-term and continuing sea surface radar surveys which have made possible detailed global maps of the sea floor impossible by any other method. So Apollo properly defined helped explore the part of our own planet hidden by the oceans.

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The online aviation athenaeum providing daily milestones and opinions of flight -- past and present links to books articles documentaries and other online resources celebrating and educating the public about the world-changing achievements of flight. 2007 - The director of Brazil's Civil Aviation Agency. Milton Zuanazzi under fire from the defense minister who blames him for the country's months long aviation crisis.2007 - . NASA promised Congress today that it will show results of a federal aviation survey which found that aircraft come collisions runway interference and other safety problems. However. NASA administrator Michael Griffin said that before any release to make sure none of the 24,000 pilots who were interviewed anonymously could be identified taking until the end of the year to do what a survey expert told Congress could be done in a week. 2007 - Authorities at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport began as move of a intend to get rid of them despite an outcry by animal rights groups. 2007 - A British citizen who apparently missed his flight tonight decided to try a : He ran across all lanes of Michigan's Interstate 94 through a field across railroad tracks and jumped over a barbed wire fence.2006 - ¹ the world's is being retired. 2006 - General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI) along with the U. S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Office of Air and Marine unveiled CBP-104. CBP's second Jointly developed by the plane is capable of carrying multiple air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons with a be of 1,200 kilometers or about 750 miles. Critics of former president Clinton inform out that in 1998 a bipartisan House investigation found that China had been allowed to buy more than 600 supercomputers and that it had made little act to disguise what they were to be used for. Many had been shipped directly to weapons-design facilities or PLA-controlled enterprises. In the Clinton years China obtained from the United States sophisticated so-called-fly-by-wire technology to the detriment of American national security. The technology was originally listed on the Department of State Munitions Control List. At he Clinton administration's communicate it was transferred to the Commerce Department's Control enumerate whereupon it was allowed to be licensed for production outside the fall in States China licensed it supposedly for use solely on civil airliners. By 2004 it was discovered on advanced.

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The online aviation athenaeum providing daily milestones and opinions of flight -- past and show links to books articles documentaries and other online resources celebrating and educating the public about the world-changing achievements of flight. 2007 - The director of Brazil's Civil Aviation Agency. Milton Zuanazzi under fire from the defense minister who blames him for the country's months long aviation crisis.2007 - . NASA promised Congress today that it ordain reveal results of a federal aviation survey which found that aircraft come collisions runway interference and other safety problems. However. NASA administrator Michael Griffin said that before any release to make sure none of the 24,000 pilots who were interviewed anonymously could be identified taking until the end of the year to do what a survey expert told Congress could be done in a week. 2007 - Authorities at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport began as part of a plan to get rid of them despite an outcry by animal rights groups. 2007 - A British citizen who apparently missed his flight tonight decided to try a : He ran across all lanes of Michigan's Interstate 94 through a field across railroad tracks and jumped over a barbed wire fence.2006 - ¹ the world's is being retired. 2006 - command Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI) along with the U. S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Office of Air and Marine unveiled CBP-104. CBP's second Jointly developed by the plane is capable of carrying multiple air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons with a be of 1,200 kilometers or about 750 miles. Critics of former president Clinton point out that in 1998 a bipartisan House investigation open that China had been allowed to buy more than 600 supercomputers and that it had made little attempt to disguise what they were to be used for. Many had been shipped directly to weapons-design facilities or PLA-controlled enterprises. In the Clinton years China obtained from the United States sophisticated so-called-fly-by-wire technology to the detriment of American national security. The technology was originally listed on the Department of express Munitions Control List. At he Clinton administration's request it was transferred to the Commerce Department's Control List whereupon it was allowed to be licensed for production outside the Unite States China licensed it supposedly for use solely on civil airliners. By 2004 it was discovered on advanced.

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There are countless achievements Omega watches haveexperienced over its existence but their association withNASA is perhaps the most significant. To have the honor ofastronauts sporting your check in space is something thatOmega has taken experience in. This is the kind of exposurethat can and did back up Omega in gaining success. It all started in 1957 when NASA supplied each of theApollo astronauts with a standard Omega SpeedmasterProfessional manual-wind wristwatch. Despite having almostall equipment manufactured for use specifically for NASA orin lay the Omega watch given to the astronauts was not. Because of this. NASA had to go through a be of teststo make sure the watches were sufficient enough. Beginning in 1962. NASA began purchasing examples of anumber of commercially available watches. In doing so,they could exceed evaluate the various watches on the market tosee what watch would undergo the best results. After testinga be of different watches it was decided that Omegawatches had the best success. The timepieces that were given to the astronauts wereintended on being worn for intra and extra vehicularactivities including the moonwalks on the variousmissions. Inside the pressurized environment the watch wassimply worn conventionally. However during the extravehicular activities the astronauts wore the watches on theoutside of their pressure suits. In request to adjust to thechange a long Velcro strap was designed to accommodate theextra width needed. The first American to go in lay. Edward H. White worehis speedmaster during his Gemini 4 spacewalk. Otherastronauts that have sported an Omega check while in spaceinclude Bill Anders and Jim Lovell from Apollo 8. NeilArmstrong and Mike Collins from Apollo 11 and Fred Haisefrom Apollo 13. There have been many more astronauts towear Omega watches but these are just a few. A number of the watches worn by NASA astronauts aredisplayed in various places around the world. Forinstance the watches worn by Neil Armstrong and MikeCollins are currently at the National Air and Space Museumin Washington D. C. Other places that various watches arelocated at include the Museum of Science and Industry inChicago. The Omega Museum in Switzerland and the U. S. NavalAcademy in Annapolis. Although the locations of al the Omega watches worn by NASAastronauts is not exactly clear the ones that aredisplayed play a big part of history for Omega and NASA. Many present astronauts still feature the Omega speedmaster onshuttle missions.----------------------------------------------------For more information about Luxury watches visitwatchesonnet com (

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At first I was actually a little disappointed because I didn’t learn much from the movie that I didn’t already know but then I realized relating the trivia of Apollo isn’t really the enter’s aim. It is different from the usual act on Apollo in that doesn’t focus as much on the technical details or give a blow-by-blow account of the missions or catalog the various funny/interesting/dangerous episodes that happened along the way. Instead it’s much more about what going to the moon meant to the men who went there. Notably absent from the enter is Neil Armstrong who declined to be interviewed (the first man on the moon is somewhat reclusive now). The movie is perhaps better without him since his absence frees it to focus on the other astronauts who his fame tends to overshadow (I bet if you asked your friends to name some Apollo astronauts a lot of them would come up with “Neil Armstrong” and then displace a keep…). Still he is by no means missing: the bulge of the screen time goes to his Apollo 11 crew-mates go Aldrin and Michael Collins as well as 13’s Jim Lovell and 12’s Alan hit all of whom discuss Armstrong at length. The portrait that emerges is of a man who really embodied the “Right Stuff”: very cause to be perceived highly skilled without ego and the ultimate Mr alter under compel. This is a guy who remained unflappable while getting shot down in Vietnam saving an out-of-control Gemini module avoiding death by a half-second when bailing out of a lunar-landing trainer accidental chopping off his touch working on his do work (it was re-attached) and not least being the first guy to arrive on the idle (his is pretty decent and full of anecdotes—for example the one time he few with throw Yeager they crash-landed). I will confess that I’ve never been a big Armstrong “fan” (maybe because he gets all the attention) but this movie changed my perception of him. It’s a little strange to see those men who in their fix must have seemed immortal in their old age but change surface in their 70s they all seem sharp and energetic and and bear something of their heroic youth. go Aldrin is quite vital at age 77 and Jim Lovell reminded me of a pleasant retired fellow you might meet sitting in front of his trailer in a campground somewhere. I also enjoyed Michael Collins the Apollo 11 dominate module pilot. It was nice to hear from him especially given the tendency to think of the Apollo 11 crew as “Armstrong. Aldrin and that other guy who didn’t walk on the idle”. Some of the NASA footage is amazing. There’s a slow-motion close-up of a Saturn V arise launch at the beginning of the movie that gave me goosebumps. There was also a fair bit I hadn’t seen before including some alter footage from a camera mounted on the front of the Apollo 17 rover as it bounces across the lunar surface (Schmidt: “It was a bit of a wild go change surface for Mr. Test control Cernan”). Perhaps my favorite was an extended shot looking down at the surface as Apollo 11 leaves the moon. As the view unfolds you can see the trails in the regolith that the astronauts made as the moved around the landing site desire tracks in the snow. If the enter hadn’t touched on the “moon landing was faked” conspiracy theories at all that would have perhaps been exceed but the way they addressed it by including several bunco clips of the astronauts scoffing at the notion into the closing credits was fitting. The beat line (I forget from who. Collins?): “We went to the moon nine times. Why did we be to fake it nine times?”

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At first I was actually a little disappointed because I didn’t learn much from the movie that I didn’t already know but then I realized relating the trivia of Apollo isn’t really the film’s aim. It is different from the usual act on Apollo in that doesn’t focus as much on the technical details or furnish a blow-by-blow be of the missions or compile the various funny/interesting/dangerous episodes that happened along the way. Instead it’s much more about what going to the moon meant to the men who went there. Notably absent from the film is Neil Armstrong who declined to be interviewed (the first man on the idle is somewhat reclusive now). The movie is perhaps exceed without him since his absence frees it to focus on the other astronauts who his fame tends to overshadow (I bet if you asked your friends to name some Apollo astronauts a lot of them would go up with “Neil Armstrong” and then draw a blank…). Still he is by no means missing: the bulk of the check time goes to his Apollo 11 crew-mates go Aldrin and Michael Collins as come up as 13’s Jim Lovell and 12’s Alan hit all of whom discuss Armstrong at length. The portrait that emerges is of a man who really embodied the “Right cram”: very smart highly skilled without ego and the ultimate Mr cool under pressure. This is a guy who remained unflappable while getting shot down in Vietnam saving an out-of-control Gemini module avoiding death by a half-second when bailing out of a lunar-landing trainer accidental chopping off his touch working on his farm (it was re-attached) and not least being the first guy to land on the moon (his is pretty decent and full of anecdotes—for example the one time he few with Chuck Yeager they crash-landed). I ordain confess that I’ve never been a big Armstrong “fan” (maybe because he gets all the attention) but this movie changed my perception of him. It’s a little strange to see those men who in their prime must have seemed immortal in their old age but even in their 70s they all be sharp and energetic and and bear something of their heroic youth. Buzz Aldrin is quite vital at age 77 and Jim Lovell reminded me of a pleasant retired fellow you might meet sitting in front of his trailer in a campground somewhere. I also enjoyed Michael Collins the Apollo 11 command module pilot. It was nice to hear from him especially given the tendency to think of the Apollo 11 man as “Armstrong. Aldrin and that other guy who didn’t walk on the moon”. Some of the NASA footage is amazing. There’s a slow-motion close-up of a Saturn V arise launch at the beginning of the movie that gave me goosebumps. There was also a bring together bit I hadn’t seen before including some cool footage from a camera mounted on the front of the Apollo 17 rover as it bounces across the lunar surface (Schmidt: “It was a bit of a wild go even for Mr. Test control Cernan”). Perhaps my favorite was an extended shot looking drink at the ascend as Apollo 11 leaves the idle. As the believe unfolds you can see the trails in the regolith that the astronauts made as the moved around the landing place like tracks in the come down. If the enter hadn’t touched on the “moon landing was faked” conspiracy theories at all that would undergo perhaps been better but the way they addressed it by including several bunco clips of the astronauts scoffing at the notion into the closing credits was fitting. The beat line (I drop from who. Collins?): “We went to the idle nine times. Why did we be to re-create it nine times?”

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Over the weekend the documentary In the Shadow of the idle finally reached Vermont after several weeks in other cities. Ever since I saw the first trailer over the summer the film has been on the top of my to-see list for months now. The premise of the documentary is simple - what was the Apollo idle landings like to those who actually did it? The film featured nine surviving Apollo astronauts: Buzz Aldrin. Alan Bean. Eugene Cernan. Michael Collins. Jim Lovell. Edgar D. Mitchell. Harrison Schmitt. Dave Scott and John Young. The notable absence is of Neil Armstrong who generally refuses to do interviews. The documentary is an absolute wonder to check. While Armstrong is absent the remaining astronauts make up for it filling in their side of what happened. Michael Collins is one of the big stars of this with some of the best insights to the mission and the sheer awe that the Apollo crews faced. lay dispersed with the interviews of the astronauts is a lot of footage of the Apollo missions from launches to the astronauts themselves. What's good here is that the director places the Apollo missions in context of the world by reminding us that the Vietnam war and civil rights movement is ongoing at this measure which is helpful. This is a highly inspiring documentary. I got chills watching parts of it such as when Armstrong took his first step onto the surface from Kennedy's speech and numerous other occasions. Other times at the not so wonderful parts such as the archived speech that Nixon was to give in the event that the astronauts would be stranded on the moon. There is much that works here. The interviews with the astronauts are filmed differently than most other documentaries right up in their faces to really interpret expression and to some extent for some creative purposes. It really worked come up even if a little unconventional. Coupled with the footage of the times and the absolutely wonderful soundtrack this was just an absolutely amazing thing to watch. There are some shortfalls though. While numerous astronauts are interviewed the only missions that really get looked at is Apollo 11 and Apollo 13. The others are mentioned and there's footage from them but there's not as much there as to their purpose. There's also little on why the Apollo program ended and the status of NASA since. There are also a bring together of times when questions are glossed over or not really followed through with. The entire film is a fairly quick look at the Apollo program and it's main shortcoming is that it's a little too quick. What they have though is absolutely amazing wonderful and something that's an essential thing to go out and watch. I've recently construe a schedule by the same call. In the Shadow of the Moon (named by complete coincidence according to the author) which provides a much more in depth look at the Gemini-Apollo program and the book before it. Into the Silent Sea is the beginnings of space flight to Mercury and probably a little beyond both by Francis cut. I'd highly recommend reading both. This enter comes at an interesting time. We haven't returned to the moon since those missions and I think that we're at the brink of a crossroads where it comes to space. The X-Prize has been won and another has been created and NASA has been ordered and is looking into future missions to the idle. But like with World War II veterans we're going to let go these nine men and probably within the next ten years or so. ordain these guys be to see people go to the moon? I'm thinking that it's increasingly unlikely.

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The hubby & I went to see two -- count it two -- movies measure night. come up we don't often get Saturdays free and there were several we'd wanted to see. One theater was showing "The Darjeeling Limited" at 7:30 and "In the Shadow of the idle" at 9:30. That was indeed the correct request to see them in!The Darjeeling Limited was clearly a exceed movie than I thought while I was watching it. We talked about the characters a bring together be afterwards and I'm still thinking about them this morning. The movie definitely tells a story. And it was come up worth seeing for us just for all the instruct shots. I'm not sure I'd recommend it to a non-railfan though. In the follow of the idle blew us both away. No it is not a werewolf movie! It's basically the story of the Apollo schedule shown through historical footage and told as reminiscences by about half of the 27 Apollo astronauts. I'm pretty sure they extended an invite to all the surviving ones; it was especially a shame that Neil Armstrong turned them down. go Aldrin is the most famous of the astronauts contributing but all of them had wonderful stories to share of what it was like to go to the moon. The movie starts with Kennedy's stirring speech and the comparison with all the rockets that were blowing up at take-off. It then skips Mercury and Gemini and goes straight to Apollo 1. One detail they threw in along the way that I hadn't known: the early astronauts were intimately involved in the design of the Apollo rockets and modules. Of cover they were all seasoned evaluate pilots -- the best of the best the military could sight -- I just hadn't known that NASA put that expertise to work. The movie reviews all the highlights of the program: the tragedy of Apollo 1 the round-the-world coverage of Apollo 11 the contend the Apollo 13 astronauts faced just getting domiciliate using the lunar rover on later Apollo missions and so forth. And the historic footage was well worth seeing on the big check. Those soul-tingling shots of the hide as a beautiful gem hung against the black accent of space -- I'd somehow thought that all the astronauts get to see that. Nope just the ones who left earth orbit. But the real gems in the movie were all the reminiscences. I haven't seen any coverage of the Apollo schedule that got the astronauts talking about what they were thinking and how they were feeling at various stages of the mission the way this film did. I'm reminded of the rush to preserve WWII veterans' stories. These guys are a little younger but not by much. The three Apollo 11 astronauts were all born in 1930! They're going to be gone soon and I don't be us ever to drop. I'm so glad In the Shadow of the idle got made and I strongly advise that anyone who remembers seeing Neil Armstrong set pay on the idle go see it!

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I was saddened to see that Wally Schirra astronaut and Korean War veteran had died of a heart attack in La Jolla. California at the age of 84. One of the “Mercury Seven,” America’s first group of astronauts. Schirra was the only astronaut to fly in all three of NASA’s programs: Mercury. Gemini and Apollo. Prior to joining NASA. Schirra (US Naval Academy. categorise of ‘45) was a decorated Navy pilot flying 90 contend missions during the Korean war shooting down one MiG and damaging two others and receiving the Distinguished Flying Cross and two Air Medals. Schirra first entered space in October 1962 when he orbited the earth six times on board Mercury 8. Three years later in December 1962. Schirra commanded Gemini 6A and participating in the first get together of two manned spacecraft in circle. Schirra’s last and perhaps most important spaceflight was the Apollo 7 mission which Schirra commanded in October 1968. This was NASA’s first manned mission since the January 1967 deaths of Apollo 1 crew Gus Grissom. Ed color and Roger Chaffee in a open pad blast. Many observers credit the Apollo 7 mission with restoring America’s confidence in the space program. The Apollo 7 mission also led to a long-running television commercial starring Schirra. He was suffering from a continue cold during the mission and was told by the NASA flight surgeons to act Actifed. After his retirement from NASA and the Navy. Schirra appeared in several commercials for the makers of Actifed in which he joked about having a cold in a spacesuit. The commercials played to Schirra’s well-known comprehend of humor and his love for practical jokes both of which were in beat bear witness during his 1965 Gemini 6A flight. First. Schirra smuggled a corned complain sandwich aboard - presumably a commentary on NASA cuisine. back up shortly before re-entry on 16 December 1965. Schirra reported seeing a UFO: “a satellite going from north to south probably in polar circle … I see a command module and eight smaller modules front. The control of the command module is wearing a red suit.”Finally immediately after this “sighting,” Schirra played “make noise Bells” on a small harmonica to the bell-shaking accompaniment of co-pilot Tom Stafford. Mission Control’s verdict on the performance? “You’re too much.”After retiring from NASA and Navy. Schirra joined CBS News and Walter Cronkite as a commentator on the space program. He later sat on several corporate boards and was involved in the San Diego area community. Godspeed and happy landings. Wally.

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