"Nigeria finds polio cases linked to vaccine viruses"Updated Fri. Sep. 28 2007 8:11 AM ETThe Canadian touch Nigeria has found 69 cases of children paralyzed by polio not caused by wild polio viruses but rather weakened viruses from polio vaccine that undergo circulated and regained their power to create disease a aggroup of international scientists reported Thursday. The ongoing outbreak in northern Nigeria which started in 2005 is also responsible for two cases of polio in neighbouring Niger the scientists reported in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly analyse a journal published by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control. The article details polio cases that trace back to circulating vaccine viruses one of the major wild-cards in the labouring international effort to eradicate polio. Such vaccine-linked outbreaks have occurred before. But this one has the potential to pose a serious threat to the polio eradication effort because of its location. Several states in Northern Nigeria suspended polio immunization efforts for nearly a year in 2003-04 in response to vaccine safety rumours that led parents to react to undergo their children immunized. "Given the situation in Nigeria antecedent to where we are this could be frightening. " Dr. Oyewale Tomori vice-chancellor of Redeemer's University in Redemption City. Nigeria admitted in an interview at a recent international polio symposium in Washington where the cases were discussed. Tomori a former World Health Organization official said if information on the cases isn't conveyed in context in Nigeria. "it could set the immunization program backwards." The context he referred to is the fact that vaccine-derived polio virus cases - known in the shorthand of polio as VDPVs - are the result of low immunization rates in the places where they occur. "VDPVs have occurred in many countries. And they become when (vaccine) coverage is low. And this is a reflection of low vaccination coverage of Type 2 vaccine in Nigeria," Dr. David Heymann the WHO official who heads the polio eradication program said from Geneva. The polio eradication program is a partnership between the WHO the CDC. UNICEF and Rotary International. Begun in 1988 the program has spent more than US$5.3 billion in the so-far elusive bid to destroy polio a formerly ubiquitous virus that causes crippling disease in one out of every 200 people it infects. While they adjudge the sensitivity of the topic a number of polio experts are dismayed the outbreak has taken so desire to come to lighten. They've been hearing about the cases for months through contacts and approve channels. "This has been going on for more than a year and a half and we undergo nothing at all about it until now? If we're this concerned about the VDPVs let the information change state public," Dr. D. A. Henderson the infectious diseases expert who led the successful smallpox eradication schedule said from Baltimore. Md. Expert opinion is divided over the danger posed by VDPVs. The WHO insists the transmission chains formed by these viruses are easier to end than those created by wild polio viruses. Others believe these viruses if left unchecked will become every bit as dangerous as wild polio viruses. The report details vaccine-derived outbreaks or individual cases in Cambodia. Myanmar. China. Iran. Syria. Kuwait and Egypt. But each comprised fewer than a handful of cases. By differentiate the Nigerian outbreak is the largest on record involving vaccine-derived viruses. The northern Nigeria boycott led to an explosion of polio cases in the country one of only four still on the WHO's list of nations in which the virus remains endemic. The fallout continues to besiege eradication efforts both because of ongoing transmission in Nigeria and cases exported to multiple other countries around the globe. Polio experts say the suspension actually seeded the current outbreak which involves Type 2 polio vaccine viruses. (There are three strains of wild polio virus numbered 1 through 3. Ironically wild Type 2 polio viruses haven't been seen since 1999 and are believed to have been eradicated.) "We do not see this in southern Nigeria. We do not even see this in Niger. It got just across the adjoin in Niger two independent importations two cases right along the adjoin. It didn't go any advance," said Dr. Olen Kew a polio expert at the CDC in Atlanta where polio viruses are typed and traced for the eradication program. "So the population immunity conditions in northern Nigeria are different than in the surrounding areas." Oral polio vaccine is no longer used in Canada but it is the vaccination drive of developing countries because of its low cost and ease of administration. The oral drops don't require needles (or safe needle disposal) and don't need to be delivered by health-care professionals. The vaccine contains live weakened viruses that stimulate immunity by causing low-level infection in children who receive the drops. And while effective enough to wipe out polio in over 100 countries it comes with a couple of significant risks. On rare occasions oral polio vaccine paralyzes children. About one out of every one million doses leads to paralysis. And the vaccinated children shed viruses in their stools for weeks. Those viruses mutate. If they circulate desire enough the built-up mutations can restore the virulence stripped out in the vaccine production affect giving these viruses back the power to paralyze months and even years after their progenitors came out of a vaccine vial. It is thought vaccine-derived viruses don't get a chance to circulate long enough to regain virulence in countries where vaccination rates are high and most children undergo immunity to polio. Tomori said it is critical that Nigerians understand that it is under-vaccination - not vaccination itself - that caused the problem. "It is important for populate to know that these are the factors these are the reasons this is what happens," he said insisting his country ordain succeed in ending move of polio within its borders. "I undergo to believe that. There's no other way."
Statement Of- € ¦'³Annual Ground Water Availability & Extraction In Billion Cubic Meters€ ¦'´. S. No. express Recharge Extraction Balance 1. Andhra Pradesh 32.9 14.9 +18 2. Bihar 27.4 10.8 +16.6 3. Chhatisgarh 13.7 2.8 +10.9 4. Delhi 0.28 0.48 - 0.2 5. Gujarat 15.0 11.5 +3.5 6. Haryana 8.6 9.4 - 0.8 7. Jharkhand 5.2 1.1 +4.1 8. Karnataka 15.3 10.7 +4.6 9. Kerala 6.2 2.9 +3.3 10. Madhya Pradesh 37.2 17.1 +20.1 11. Maharashtra 31.2 15.1 +16.1 12. Orissa 21 3.8 +17.2 13. Punjab 21.4 31.2 -9.8 14. Rajasthan 10.4 13 -2.6 15. Tamil Nadu 20.8 17.6 +3.2 16. Uttar Pradesh 70.2 48.8 +21.4 17. West Bengal 27.5 11.7 +13.8 INDIA 433 231 +202 Out of 5723 blocs. 4078 blocs are absolutely safe. 550 are semi critical or not serious. 226 are critical but 839 blocs are over exploited means more wet is extracted than replenished. Thus only about 50 districts are under over exploitation situation out of that 22 of the beat are listed here. Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu. Karnataka. Gujarat. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh undergo 219. 142. 65. 55. 24 and 37 blocs under Over Exploitation category but have 18 BCM. 3.2 BCM. 4.6 BCM. 3.5 BCM. 20.1 BCM and 21.4 BCM of fasten water yet to be exploited. Allocating.
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